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Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82

Description

A horrifying epidemic of smallpox was sweeping across North America when the War of Independence began, and until now we have known almost nothing about it. Elizabeth A. Fenn is the first historian to reveal how deeply Variola affected the outcome of the war in every colony and the lives of everyone on the continent. Her remarkable research shows us how the disease devastated the American troops at Quebec and kept them at bay during the British occupation of Boston, and how it ravaged slaves in Virginia who had escaped to join the British forces. During the terrible winter at Valley Forge, General Washington had to decide if and when to attempt the risky inoculation of his troops.

The destructive, desolating power of smallpox made for a cascade of public-health crises and heartbreaking human drama. Fenn's innovative work shows how this megatragedy was met and what its consequences were for the young republic.

Reviews

Rating: 5 / 5
Date: 2009-12-12
Summary: "A great book for history and non-history students alike!"

After reading Elizabeth A. Fenn's "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst" article for a western civilization course, I wanted to know more about the deadly smallpox, and found this book! Fenn's simple and straightforward way of writing makes it an easier read than some other history books, but nevertheless it is informative and filled with interesting accounts. Fenn has the ability to keep readers engaged without bogging them down in scholarly or esoteric language or concepts. She also uses an incredible amount of research and primary and secondary sources. Included are details about smallpox, the symptoms and spread of the disease across the United States, and some interesting information about George Washington and other historical figures who came in contact with the pestilence (as well as MUCH more!). I would highly recommend this read to anyone interested in the late years of the 18th century, American history, or smallpox and epidemiology. It definitely served its purpose for my class, and considering I am not a history major, I found it to be engaging and an excellent read.

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Rating: 4 / 5
Date: 2009-06-04
Summary: "Pox Americana"

You think swine flue is bad, think again. Its amazing how much of an impact smallpox had on the Revolution. We came so close to defeat, not by the hands of the British but because of the virus. It showed up at every major event of the war and had a huge impact on the outcome of these events. From the Siege of Boston to Yorktown smallpox was there. It was also only an American disease since in England the virus was endemic (a harmless childhood sickness much like chicken pox). In the colonies it was not endemic so the Patriots, Loyalists, slaves, and natives were very vulnerable, dying en masse.

A second epidemic then spread from Mexico City to Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. It eventually made its way to the Pacific Northwest. Explorers described Northwest coast villages as graveyards, with skeletons lying everywhere.

A very good book on an important, but relatively unknown, event in American history.

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Rating: 4 / 5
Date: 2009-05-23
Summary: "Uneven but often compelling narrative"

With Pox Americana, Fenn crafts a sprawling narrative detailing the overlooked smallpox epidemic of 1775-1782 in the Americas and the tumultuous times of revolution that surrounded it. While the global devastation caused by smallpox over the past few centuries has been well documented, Fenn's book offers an uneven but often compelling perspective on the events that shaped America's birth, deftly elucidating the undeniable influence of smallpox on the course of the American Revolution.

Pox Americana begins with an account of the American army and George Washington's struggle to fight off both smallpox and the British; the narrative is especially gripping here, as it provides a detailed glimpse into how prominently smallpox factored into both side's war strategies. Fenn then traces smallpox's journey through North America by detailing the lives of the various peoples who inhabited America and the constant struggle to coexist with the lethal contagion and carry on with their lives. With the myriad stories of the colonists waging war to the Native Americans running the fur trade, Fenn raises many themes that still resonate today, particularly the use of biological warfare and how the American way of life facilitates the transmission of disease.

The scope of Pox Americana is breathtaking. Fenn clearly poured over many, many sources to craft her portrait of an infant America irrevocably shaped by the smallpox epidemic. The research pays off; the role of smallpox in George Washington's decision-making process and the tragedy that befell countless Native Americans makes for compelling history reading. Yet Fenn's narrative is not without its share of flaws. While it may be a function of the historical events themselves, Pox Americana is a very top-heavy narrative; it starts out strong in its depiction of the American Revolution but loses steam throughout the second half of the book, when the revolution is no longer the focus. During this second half the narrative becomes bogged down in repetitive and overlong accounts of Native Americans and settlers dealing with smallpox during the fur trade. Unfortunately, the book never really recovers, losing momentum long before the epilogue rolls around.

Yet Pox Americana's shortcomings never quite derail the experience. Despite the uneven structure and pacing of the narrative, the sheer amount of quality historical content makes Pox Americana a unique and worthwhile read for anyone remotely interested in learning how one disease helped define the course of a burgeoning country.

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Rating: 4 / 5
Date: 2009-04-06
Summary: "A Throrough History of a Devastating Epidemic"

Pox American follows the smallpox epidemic that spread through North America from 1775-1782, tracing its impact on the Revolutionary War and Native American and Colonial society. Historian Elizabeth Fenn is meticulous in chronicling the devastation, using firsthand accounts and surviving records to sketch out the death and fear that followed the disease.

The impact of smallpox on the Revolutionary War occupies much of the book. Epidemiologically, the Americans were at a disadvantage. Smallpox was endemic in Europe, and British soldiers were much more likely to have been exposed to the disease, gaining immunity. This vulnerability led to serious losses during the revolutionary army's invasion of Canada, as smallpox weakened and killed susceptible soldiers.

George Washington struggled with the decision of whether to inoculate his soldiers. Under the imperfect technique of the time, inoculation was a draining affair, confining inoculees to sickbeds. The process also potentially increased the risks of transmission, as inoculees were contagious during the dormant period that followed inoculation. Fenn skillfully uses this dilemma to build tension in a historic account.

In the post-Revolutionary period, Fenn focuses on the impact of smallpox on Native American populations throughout the continent, offering repeated accounts of decimated villages and devastated cultures. Native peoples were more vulnerable to the disease, and the successive accounts of loss are heart-rending.

The book is thorough and engaging but can be technical in its presentation of history. The larger themes of the Revolutionary War aren't fleshed out. The author, it seems, is confident that readers will remember battles and developments they may not have encountered since elementary school. But the book is compelling in advancing its central theme: the outsized impact of this continent-wide epidemic.

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Rating: 5 / 5
Date: 2007-05-10
Summary: "Well written."

The book's research is fairly thorough. The work flows well from one region and topic to the next, and is an interesting addition to the history of the revolutionary period.